Fertility A–Z

Fertility has a lot of jargon. Here it is in plain, honest language — no scare tactics, no false promises.

In short

This A–Z explains common fertility and IVF terms — AMH, ICSI, IUI, ovarian reserve, PGT-A and more — in plain, honest language. Each definition is written to inform and reassure, never to alarm or to imply any guaranteed outcome.

AMH (Anti-Müllerian Hormone): A hormone used to estimate ovarian reserve — roughly how many eggs remain. It does not predict pregnancy or measure egg quality, and must be read with age and other factors.
AFC (Antral Follicle Count): An ultrasound count of small follicles in the ovaries, used alongside AMH to estimate ovarian reserve.
Blastocyst: An embryo that has developed for about five days, reaching a stage that can help embryologists select the strongest embryo for transfer.
Cryopreservation: Freezing and storing eggs, sperm or embryos for future use, for medical or personal reasons. It preserves options but doesn't guarantee a future pregnancy.
DFI (DNA Fragmentation Index): A test of the integrity of sperm DNA, which can matter for fertilisation and pregnancy loss in some cases.
Endometriosis: A condition where tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus, which can cause pain and sometimes affect fertility.
hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin): The pregnancy hormone measured in blood (beta-hCG) tests after embryo transfer. Its rise is interpreted by a doctor in context, not from a single value.
ICSI: A technique used within IVF where a single sperm is injected directly into an egg, mainly for male-factor situations.
IUI (Intrauterine Insemination): A simpler procedure that places prepared sperm directly into the uterus around ovulation, suitable for certain situations.
IVF (In Vitro Fertilisation): A process that combines eggs and sperm in the lab to create embryos, one of which is later transferred to the uterus. Right for specific causes, not everyone.
Laparoscopy: A minimally invasive surgical procedure used to examine or treat conditions in the pelvis, such as endometriosis or blocked tubes.
Micro-TESE: A microsurgical procedure to retrieve sperm directly from the testes when there is little or no sperm in the ejaculate.
Ovarian Reserve: An estimate of the quantity of eggs remaining, assessed with AMH and an AFC scan. It's one factor in fertility, not a verdict.
PCOS / PCOD: A common hormonal pattern that can make ovulation irregular and delay pregnancy. It's one of the most manageable causes of delay.
PGT-A: Preimplantation genetic testing that screens IVF embryos for the correct number of chromosomes, used selectively — never a guarantee.
Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: Typically two or more miscarriages, which deserves a careful, compassionate investigation for contributing causes.
Semen Analysis: A quick, non-invasive test of sperm count, motility and shape — one of the most useful early tests for any couple.
Vitrification: A fast-freezing technique used to preserve eggs and embryos with high survival rates.

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